When the heart or kidneys do not function normally, this can lead to cardiovascular or kidney disease. Cardiovascular disease is a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and is the leading cause of death globally. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease. Many of these diseases and their often life-threatening consequences could be avoided by effective preventive measures.